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microsoft quickbasic v4

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118
Microsoft QuickBASIC v4/ABSOLUTE.ASM Normal file
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TITLE ABSOLUTE - helper for assembly routines
;***
; ABSOLUTE - Helper for calling BASIC interpreter assembly routines
;
; Copyright <C> 1986, Microsoft Corporation
;
;Purpose:
; Allow a BASIC program to call a routine which is located at an
; absolute memory address in the DEF SEG.
;
; The form of the call is:
;
; CALL ABSOLUTE(<param>,...,<loc>)
;
; where
; <param>,... - zero or more parameters for the assembly routine
; <loc> - an Integer variable that contains the
; location in the DEF SEG of the start of
; the assembly routine
;
; The location parameter will be removed, and the routine at DEF SEG:<loc>
; will be called with the remaining parameters.
;
; Notes:
; - The parameters are not checked or verified before being passed
; to the assembly routine.
; - CALL must be used. CALLS will cause execution to jump to a
; random location.
; - The DOSSEG, .MODEL, .CODE, and .DATA? directives are part of
; the simplified segment system of MASM 5.0. If you have an
; earlier version of MASM, you must modify the source to define
; the segments required by Microsoft high-level languages. These
; segments are discussed in Appendix C of "Learning and Using
; QuickBASIC."
;
;******************************************************************************
;
DOSSEG ;requires MASM 5.0 or higher
.MODEL medium
; Define the routine as public.
PUBLIC ABSOLUTE
; Define the seg segment
.DATA?
EXTRN b$seg:WORD ;seg segment
;***
; ABSOLUTE - Call absolute address
;
;Purpose:
; Routine which can be directly called from the basic level which in turn
; calls an absolute address.
;
;Entry:
; The actual number of parameters is variable, and depends on the routine
; that ABSOLUTE will in turn call. The LAST parameter pushed MUST be the DS
; offset of an integer variable containing the offset of the routine to be
; called. The current DEF SEG is used as the segment for the call.
;
;Exit:
; Whatever the called routine elects. We do NOT return here.
;
;Uses:
; This routine follows convention, but does no saving or checking of the code
; actually called.
;
;Notes:
; The called routine receives control with all parameters passed to ABSOLUTE,
; except the offset integer, on the stack in Pascal convention. The return
; address present is back to the BASIC level code which CALLed ABSOLUTE.
;
; Stack on call to ABSOLUTE:
;
;
; \ Variable number of parameters \
; | to routine to be CALLed |
; +--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+
; | Near pointer to I2 var containing |
; | the offset of the routine to CALL |
; +--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+
; |CS |
; + Far return address to caller of ABSOLUTE +
; [SP] -> |IP |
; +--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+
;
; Stack on transfer to called routine:
;
; \ Variable number of parameters \
; | to routine to be CALLed |
; +--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+
; |CS |
; + Far return address to caller of ABSOLUTE +
; [SP] -> |IP |
; +--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+
;
;******************************************************************************
.CODE
ABSOLUTE PROC FAR
POP AX ;return offset
POP DX ;return segment
POP BX ;get pointer to routine address
PUSH DX ;restore return address
PUSH AX
PUSH [b$seg] ;stack DEF SEG segment
PUSH [BX] ;stack routine offset
RET ;jump to ABSOLUTE routine
ABSOLUTE ENDP
END

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5 DEFINT A-Z
10 ' BASICA/GWBASIC Version of Sound Effects Demo Program
15 '
20 ' Sound effect menu
25 Q = 2
30 WHILE Q >= 1
35 CLS
40 PRINT "Sound effects": PRINT
45 COLOR 15, 0: PRINT " B"; : COLOR 7, 0: PRINT "ouncing"
50 COLOR 15, 0: PRINT " F"; : COLOR 7, 0: PRINT "alling"
55 COLOR 15, 0: PRINT " K"; : COLOR 7, 0: PRINT "laxon"
60 COLOR 15, 0: PRINT " S"; : COLOR 7, 0: PRINT "iren"
65 COLOR 15, 0: PRINT " Q"; : COLOR 7, 0: PRINT "uit"
70 PRINT : PRINT "Select: ";
75 Q$ = INPUT$(1): Q = INSTR("BFKSQbfksq", Q$) ' Get valid key
80 IF Q = 0 GOTO 75
85 CLS ' Take action based on key
90 ON Q GOSUB 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 100, 200, 300, 400, 500
95 WEND
100 ' Bounce - loop two sounds down at decreasing time intervals
105 HTONE = 32767: LTONE = 246
110 PRINT "Bouncing . . ."
115 FOR COUNT = 60 TO 1 STEP -2
120 SOUND LTONE - COUNT / 2, COUNT / 20
125 SOUND HTONE, COUNT / 15
130 NEXT COUNT
135 RETURN
200 ' Fall - loop down from a high sound to a low sound
205 HTONE = 2000: LTONE = 550: DELAY = 500
210 PRINT "Falling . . ."
215 FOR COUNT = HTONE TO LTONE STEP -10
220 SOUND COUNT, DELAY / COUNT
225 NEXT COUNT
230 RETURN
300 ' Klaxon - alternate two sounds until a key is pressed
305 HTONE = 987: LTONE = 329
310 PRINT "Oscillating . . ."
315 PRINT " . . . press any key to end."
320 WHILE INKEY$ = ""
325 SOUND HTONE, 5: SOUND LTONE, 5
330 WEND
335 RETURN
400 ' Siren - loop a sound from low to high to low
405 HTONE = 780: RANGE = 650
410 PRINT "Wailing . . ."
415 PRINT " . . . press any key to end."
420 WHILE INKEY$ = ""
425 FOR COUNT = RANGE TO -RANGE STEP -4
430 SOUND HTONE - ABS(COUNT), .3
435 COUNT = COUNT - 2 / RANGE
440 NEXT COUNT
445 WEND
450 RETURN
500 ' Quit
505 END

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DEFINT A-Z
' QB2 Version of Sound Effects Demo Program
' (works under most other BASIC compilers)
' Sound effects menu
WHILE Q$ <> "Q"
CLS
PRINT "Sound effects": PRINT
COLOR 15, 0: PRINT " B"; : COLOR 7, 0: PRINT "ouncing"
COLOR 15, 0: PRINT " F"; : COLOR 7, 0: PRINT "alling"
COLOR 15, 0: PRINT " K"; : COLOR 7, 0: PRINT "laxon"
COLOR 15, 0: PRINT " S"; : COLOR 7, 0: PRINT "iren"
COLOR 15, 0: PRINT " Q"; : COLOR 7, 0: PRINT "uit"
PRINT : PRINT "Select: ";
' Get valid key
Q$ = " "
WHILE INSTR("BFKSQbfksq", Q$) = 0
Q$ = INPUT$(1)
WEND
' Take action based on key
CLS
IF Q$ = "B" OR Q$ = "b" THEN
PRINT "Bouncing . . . "
CALL Bounce(32767, 246)
ELSEIF Q$ = "F" OR Q$ = "f" THEN
PRINT "Falling . . . "
CALL Fall(2000, 550, 500)
ELSEIF Q$ = "S" OR Q$ = "s" THEN
PRINT "Wailing . . ."
PRINT " . . . press any key to end."
CALL Siren(780, 650)
ELSEIF Q$ = "K" OR Q$ = "k" THEN
PRINT "Oscillating . . ."
PRINT " . . . press any key to end."
CALL Klaxon(987, 329)
ELSEIF Q$ = "q" THEN
Q$ = "Q"
END IF
WEND
END
' Loop two sounds down at decreasing time intervals
SUB Bounce (Hi, Low) STATIC
FOR Count = 60 TO 1 STEP -2
SOUND Low - Count / 2, Count / 20
SOUND Hi, Count / 15
NEXT
END SUB
' Loop down from a high sound to a low sound
SUB Fall (Hi, Low, Del) STATIC
FOR Count = Hi TO Low STEP -10
SOUND Count, Del / Count
NEXT
END SUB
' Alternate two sounds until a key is pressed
SUB Klaxon (Hi, Low) STATIC
WHILE INKEY$ = ""
SOUND Hi, 5
SOUND Low, 5
WEND
END SUB
' Loop a sound from low to high to low
SUB Siren (Hi, Rng) STATIC
WHILE INKEY$ = ""
FOR Count = Rng TO -Rng STEP -4
SOUND Hi - ABS(Count), .3
Count = Count - 2 / Rng
NEXT
WEND
END SUB

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DECLARE SUB Bounce (Hi%, Low%)
DECLARE SUB Fall (Hi%, Low%, Del%)
DECLARE SUB Siren (Hi%, Range%)
DECLARE SUB Klaxon (Hi%, Low%)
DEFINT A-Z
' QB4 Version of Sound Effects Demo Program
' Sound effects menu
DO
CLS
PRINT "Sound effects": PRINT
COLOR 15, 0: PRINT " B"; : COLOR 7, 0: PRINT "ouncing"
COLOR 15, 0: PRINT " F"; : COLOR 7, 0: PRINT "alling"
COLOR 15, 0: PRINT " K"; : COLOR 7, 0: PRINT "laxon"
COLOR 15, 0: PRINT " S"; : COLOR 7, 0: PRINT "iren"
COLOR 15, 0: PRINT " Q"; : COLOR 7, 0: PRINT "uit"
PRINT : PRINT "Select: ";
' Get valid key
DO
Q$ = UCASE$(INPUT$(1))
LOOP WHILE INSTR("BFKSQ", Q$) = 0
' Take action based on key
CLS
SELECT CASE Q$
CASE IS = "B"
PRINT "Bouncing . . . "
Bounce 32767, 246
CASE IS = "F"
PRINT "Falling . . . "
Fall 2000, 550, 500
CASE IS = "S"
PRINT "Wailing . . ."
PRINT " . . . press any key to end."
Siren 780, 650
CASE IS = "K"
PRINT "Oscillating . . ."
PRINT " . . . press any key to end."
Klaxon 987, 329
CASE ELSE
END SELECT
LOOP UNTIL Q$ = "Q"
END
' Loop two sounds down at decreasing time intervals
SUB Bounce (Hi%, Low%) STATIC
FOR Count = 60 TO 1 STEP -2
SOUND Low - Count / 2, Count / 20
SOUND Hi, Count / 15
NEXT Count
END SUB
' Loop down from a high sound to a low sound
SUB Fall (Hi%, Low%, Del%) STATIC
FOR Count = Hi TO Low STEP -10
SOUND Count, Del / Count
NEXT Count
END SUB
' Alternate two sounds until a key is pressed
SUB Klaxon (Hi%, Low%) STATIC
DO WHILE INKEY$ = ""
SOUND Hi, 5
SOUND Low, 5
LOOP
END SUB
' Loop a sound from low to high to low
SUB Siren (Hi%, Range%)
DO WHILE INKEY$ = ""
FOR Count = Range TO -Range STEP -4
SOUND Hi - ABS(Count), .3
Count = Count - 2 / Range
NEXT Count
LOOP
END SUB

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100 DIGITS% = 200
110 DIM A%( 200 )
120 HIGH% = DIGITS%
130 X% = 0
140 N% = HIGH% - 1
150 IF N% <= 0 GOTO 200
160 A%[ N% ] = 1
170 N% = N% - 1
180 GOTO 150
200 A%[ 1 ] = 2
210 A%[ 0 ] = 0
220 IF HIGH% <= 9 GOTO 400
230 HIGH% = HIGH% - 1
235 N% = HIGH%
240 IF N% = 0 GOTO 300
250 A%[ N% ] = X% MOD N%
255 rem PRINT "a[n-1]"; A%[ N% - 1 ]
260 X% = ( 10 * A%[ N% - 1 ] ) + ( X% \ N% )
265 rem PRINT "x: "; X%, "n: "; N%
270 N% = N% - 1
280 GOTO 240
300 IF X% >= 10 GOTO 330
310 PRINT USING "#"; X%;
320 GOTO 220
330 PRINT USING "##"; X%;
340 GOTO 220
400 PRINT ""
410 PRINT "done"
420 SYSTEM

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TITLE INTERRUPT - BASCOM software interrupt calling routine
PAGE 56,132
;***
; INTERRUPT - BASCOM software interrupt calling routine
;
; Copyright <C> 1986, 1987 Microsoft Corporation
;
;Purpose:
; Allows a BASIC program to invoke an interrupt through a CALL statement.
;
; INTERRUPT allows BASIC to set AX,BX,CX,DX,BP,SI,DI, and the flags
; before the call. INTERRUPTX also allows DS and ES to be set.
; Both routines will return the values of the registers upon the
; completion of a successful call. If the interrupt could not
; be generated (due to a bad interrupt number or an illegal array)
; then the interrupt number will be set to -1 to indicate an error.
;
;******************************************************************************
;
;Note:
; The DOSSEG, .MODEL, .CODE, and .DATA? directives used in this program
; are part of the simplified segment system of MASM 5.0. If you have
; an earlier version of MASM, you must modify the source to define
; the segments required by Microsoft high-level languages. These
; segments are discussed in Appendix C of "Learning and Using QuickBASIC."
;
DOSSEG ;requires MASM 5.0 or higher
.MODEL medium
; Define all publicly accessible routines.
PUBLIC INTERRUPT, INTERRUPTX
; Frame structure definition
ARG1 = 0AH ;pointer to first of three arguments
ARG2 = 08H ;pointer to second of three arguments
ARG3 = 06H ;pointer to third of three arguments
; Frame temp variables
UCODE_FLGS = -02H ;user code flag register value
UCODE_DS = -04H ;user code DS register value
REG_NUM = -06H ;number of regs used (INTERRUPT=8, INTERRUPTX=10)
INT_ES = -08H ;INT ES register value
INT_DS = -0AH ;INT DS register value
INT_FLGS = -0CH ;INT flags register value
INT_DI = -1EH ;INT DI register value
INT_SI = -10H ;INT SI register value
INT_BP = -12H ;INT BP register value
INT_DX = -14H ;INT DX register value
INT_CX = -16H ;INT CX register value
INT_BX = -18H ;INT BX register value
INT_AX = -1AH ;INT AX register value
OLD_SI = -1CH ;save old SI for interpreter
OLD_DI = -1EH ;save old DI for interpreter
FRM_SIZ = -1EH ;negative size of frame temporaries
; Locations past frame allocation used to recover post-INT BP value.
INT_BP_TMP = -22H ;temp location for INT BP register value
;***
; INTERRUPT, and INTERRUPTX - BASCOM software interrupt calling interface
;
; Purpose:
; To allow a BASIC Compiler program to perform any software
; interrupt. The interrupt is executed with the registers
; set to values specified in a register variable. The post-
; interrupt values of the registers are then stored in
; another register variable.
;
; CALL INTERRUPT[X] (int_no AS INTEGER,
; inreg AS RegType[X],
; outreg AS RegType[X])
;
; Inputs:
; int_no = interrupt number (range 0 to 255) to execute
; inreg and outreg are register variables of type RegType[X]
; defined as follows;
;
; TYPE RegType
; ax AS INTEGER
; bx AS INTEGER
; cx AS INTEGER
; dx AS INTEGER
; bp AS INTEGER
; si AS INTEGER
; di AS INTEGER
; flags AS INTEGER
; END TYPE
;
;
; TYPE RegTypeX
; ax AS INTEGER
; bx AS INTEGER
; cx AS INTEGER
; dx AS INTEGER
; bp AS INTEGER
; si AS INTEGER
; di AS INTEGER
; flags AS INTEGER
; ds AS INTEGER
; es AS INTEGER
; END TYPE
;
; Outputs:
; If no error:
; int_no = unchanged (range 0 to 255)
; outreg: This array will be set to the post-interrupt
; register values. It has the same structure
; as inreg.
; If error:
; int_no = -1
; outreg unchanged. INT call is not performed.
; error occurs:
; first argument not 0 to 255 (2^8-1)
; second or third arguments not 0 to 1048575 (2^20-1)
; (VARPTR will always be in this range)
;
; Modifies:
; All, except BP, DS, and flags.
; Also, possible side effects of INT call.
;
; Exceptions:
; INT 24H call may result from some INT 21H MS-DOS calls.
;
;******************************************************************************
.CODE
INTERRUPT PROC FAR
PUSH BP ;save BASCOM frame pointer on stack
MOV BP,SP ;establish program frame reference
ADD SP,FRM_SIZ ;allocate working space for frame
MOV WORD PTR [BP].REG_NUM,08H ;eight regs used (not DS or ES)
JMP SHORT INTERRUPT_COMMON ;jump to common code
INTERRUPT ENDP
INTERRUPTX PROC FAR
PUSH BP ;save BASCOM frame pointer on stack
MOV BP,SP ;establish program frame reference
ADD SP,FRM_SIZ ;allocate working space for frame
MOV WORD PTR [BP].REG_NUM,0AH ;ten regs used (including DS and ES)
; Save a copy of the processor flags, SI, DI, and DS in the stack frame.
INTERRUPT_COMMON:
MOV [BP].OLD_SI,SI ;save old SI for interpreter
MOV [BP].OLD_DI,DI ;save old DI for interpreter
MOV [BP].UCODE_DS,DS;save DS for interpreter
PUSHF ;push the flags on the stack
POP [BP].UCODE_FLGS ;put value in the stack frame
; Move eight or ten words (depending if executing INTERRUPT or INTERRUPTX)
; of the integer input array from the far pointer computed to the frame.
MOV SI,[BP].ARG2 ;and array offset - pointer in DS:SI
LEA DI,[BP].INT_AX ;get start of temporary register storage.
MOV CX,[BP].REG_NUM ;eight or ten words to move
CLD ;movement is to higher memory
PUSH SS
POP ES
REP MOVSW ;move the array into the stack frame
; Save stack frame pointer to recover its value after the INT call.
PUSH BP ;saved to first word past the stack frame
; Create a two-instruction program on the stack to execute the
; INT call requested and return with stack cleanup.
;
; INT XX (hex: CD XX)
; RETF 06 (hex: CA 06 00)
;
; In the case of INT 25 and 26 (which leave a word of flags on the stack)
; We generate:
;
; INT XX (hex: CD XX)
; ADD SP,2 (hex: 83 C4 02)
; RETF 08 (hex: CA 08 00)
;
MOV SI,[BP].ARG1 ;[SI] = ptr to first CALL arg - interrupt #
MOV BX,[SI] ;[BL] = get integer value of INT type
OR BH,BH ;test if in range, 00 to FFH is legal
JZ NO_INT_ERROR ;if not, then error - jump
JMP INT_ERROR ;long jump to error routine
NO_INT_ERROR:
CMP BL,25H ;Interrupt 25 request?
JZ Int2526 ;Jump if so
CMP BL,26H ;Interrupt 26 request?
JNZ IntNorm ;Jump if other, "normal" interrupt
Int2526:
MOV AX,8 ;[AX] = argument of RETF instruction
PUSH AX
MOV AX,0CA02H ;[AX] = RETF opcode, & arg to ADD SP
PUSH AX
MOV AX,0C483H ;[AX] = ADD SP, opcode
PUSH AX
JMP SHORT IntInstruct
IntNorm:
XOR AX,AX ;value of second word past frame
PUSH AX ;put on stack - 00 byte of RETF and filler
MOV AX,06CAH ;value of third word past frame
PUSH AX ;put on stack - CA 06 bytes of RETF
IntInstruct:
MOV AH,BL ;move interrupt number to upper byte of AX
MOV AL,0CDH ;value of fourth word past frame
PUSH AX ;put on stack - CD XX bytes of INT XX
; Push far pointer of return address after the stack program
; executes, which is INT_RET in this code segment.
PUSH CS ;push current code segment for return segment
MOV AX,OFFSET INT_RET ;offset just after stack program call
PUSH AX ;push value for return offset
; Push far pointer pointer to the start of the stack program.
; The stack program will be entered by executing a RETF after the
; registers are set up.
PUSH SS ;push current stack segment for starting ptr
MOV AX,SP ;get current stack offset
ADD AX,6 ;move past the last three stack entries
PUSH AX ;push offset for starting ptr of stack program
; Move the input array values from the stack to their actual registers.
MOV AX,[BP].INT_FLGS ;get input flag register value
AND AX,0000111111010101B ;mask out undefined 8086 flags
PUSH AX ;push masked flag register value
MOV AX,[BP].INT_AX ;set up input AX value
MOV BX,[BP].INT_BX ;set up input BX value
MOV CX,[BP].INT_CX ;set up input CX value
MOV DX,[BP].INT_DX ;set up input DX value
MOV SI,[BP].INT_SI ;set up input SI value
MOV DI,[BP].INT_DI ;set up input DI value
; For DS and ES, leave in the compiler data segment values if:
; executing INTERRUPT; or executing INTERRUPTX with array values of -1.
CMP WORD PTR [BP].REG_NUM,08H ;test if executing INTERRUPT
JE INT_ES_DEF ;if so, then use both default values
CMP [BP].INT_DS,0FFFFH ;test if default DS to be used
JE INT_DS_DEF ;if so, then leave it unchanged
MOV DS,[BP].INT_DS ;set up input DS value
INT_DS_DEF:
CMP [BP].INT_ES,0FFFFH ;test if default ES to be used
JE INT_ES_DEF ;if so, then leave it unchanged
MOV ES,[BP].INT_ES ;set up input ES value
INT_ES_DEF:
MOV BP,[BP].INT_BP ;set up input BP value
;must be last move using BP
POPF ;set up input flag register value
; With all registers set according to the input array, execute the
; stack program.
;
; The following RETF pops the last two stack entries, which are
; interpreted as a far pointer to the stack program.
;
; The stack program executes the INT XX call which changes the
; registers (flags included) to the values to be put into the
; output array.
;
; The stack program then executes the RETF 06 instruction which
; does two operations. First, the next two entries on stack are
; popped and interpreted as a far ptr return address, which points
; the code at INT_RET in this code segment. Second, the stack
; pointer is then adjusted by six bytes to remove the six-byte
; program from the stack.
RET ;far return to execute stack program, etc.
INT_RET:
; The stack should now contain only the first entry past the
; frame, the value of the stack frame pointer itself. First
; save the BP value from the INT call, then get the old value
; to reference the frame.
PUSH BP ;save post-INT value of BP
MOV BP,SP ;temporary frame is second word past frame
MOV BP,[BP+02H] ;get real frame reference value
; Put post-INT value of all registers into the frame variables
; to be subsequently written into the output array.
PUSHF ;put flags on the stack
POP [BP].INT_FLGS ;put in post-INT flag register value
PUSH [BP].UCODE_FLGS ;get old copy of flags from frame
POPF ;and restore the old flag values
MOV [BP].INT_AX,AX ;put in post-INT AX value
MOV [BP].INT_BX,BX ;put in post-INT BX value
MOV [BP].INT_CX,CX ;put in post-INT CX value
MOV [BP].INT_DX,DX ;put in post-INT DX value
MOV AX,[BP].INT_BP_TMP ;get post-INT BP value (one entry past frame)
MOV [BP].INT_BP,AX ;put in post-INT BP value
MOV [BP].INT_SI,SI ;put in post-INT SI value
MOV [BP].INT_DI,DI ;put in post-INT DI value
MOV [BP].INT_DS,DS ;put in post-INT DS value
MOV [BP].INT_ES,ES ;put in post-INT ES value
; Move frame register values to the output array whose
; far pointer is in the frame.
MOV DS,[BP].UCODE_DS;replace original DS value
LEA SI,[BP].INT_AX ;get start of register area in frame
PUSH DS
POP ES
MOV DI,[BP].ARG3 ;get output array offset
MOV CX,[BP].REG_NUM ;eight or ten words to move
CLD ;movement is toward upper memory
REP MOVSW ;perform the transfer
; Clean up stack to remove frame. Remove CALL arguments with RETF.
MOV SI,[BP].OLD_SI ;replace old SI for interpreter
MOV DI,[BP].OLD_DI ;replace old DI for interpreter
MOV SP,BP ;deallocate temporary frame variables
POP BP ;return compiler frame pointer
RET 06 ;remove three CALL arguments and far return
; If error, then restore DS, set int_no to -1 to report error,
; clean up, and exit.
INT_ERROR:
MOV SI,[BP].ARG1 ;ptr to first CALL arg - interrupt number
MOV [SI],0FFFFH ;set interrupt number to -1 for error
MOV SI,[BP].OLD_SI ;replace old SI for interpreter
MOV DI,[BP].OLD_DI ;replace old DI for interpreter
MOV DS,[BP].UCODE_DS;replace original DS value
MOV SP,BP ;deallocate temporary frame variables
POP BP ;return compiler frame pointer
RET 06 ;remove three CALL arguments and far return
INTERRUPTX ENDP
END

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"PACKING.LST" File
Disk Contents for the MICROSOFT(R) QuickBASIC Compiler
Version 4.0 for IBM(R) Personal Computers
and Compatibles
(C) Copyright Microsoft Corporation, 1987
THIS FILE GIVES A COMPLETE LIST OF ALL FILES AND DIRECTORIES ON THE TWO
DISTRIBUTION DISKS PROVIDED WITH THIS VERSION OF QUICKBASIC.
==< Contents of DISK 1: Program and Libraries Disk >=========================
FILE DESCRIPTION
---- -----------------------------------------------------
QB.EXE The Microsoft QuickBASIC program development
environment.
QB.HLP A file containing information used by QuickBASIC's
on-line Help. This file must be in the current
directory -- or in a directory listed in the setting
for your PATH environment variable -- if you want to
use Help from within the QuickBASIC environment.
PACKING.LST A list of all files provided with QuickBASIC.
README.DOC Information that was unavailable when the QuickBASIC
manuals were printed.
SETUP.BAT The first part of the QuickBASIC installation
program (this batch file calls SETUP1.BAT). Run this
batch file to install QuickBASIC on your hard-disk
system.
SETUP1.BAT The second part of the QuickBASIC installation
program.
BC.EXE The BASIC command-line compiler invoked by the Run
menu's Make EXE File command or by the bc command
from the DOS command line.
LIB.EXE The Microsoft Library Manager; used to create
stand-alone (.LIB) libraries.
LINK.EXE The Microsoft Overlay Linker; used to create
executable files and Quick libraries.
BRUN40.EXE The QuickBASIC run-time module; required for running
executable files created with BRUN40.LIB.
BRUN40.LIB The QuickBASIC run-time-module library; used for
creating executable files from QuickBASIC and DOS.
==< Contents of DISK 2: Utilities and Examples Disk >========================
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Important Notes
---------------
This disk contains a number of demonstration and utility programs written
in BASIC. These files are for informational and recreational purposes
only, and Microsoft makes no warranties, either expressed or implied,
as to their suitability for specific purposes or their correctness,
accuracy, or reliability. The entire risk as to the results and
performance of the software is assumed by you.
All programs ending with the .BAS extension are QuickBASIC source files.
Programs with an asterisk (*) next to their names require a color-graphics
adapter to run.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
FILE OR DIRECTORY DESCRIPTION
----------------- -----------------------------------------------------
BCOM40.LIB The QuickBASIC alternate run-time-module library;
used for creating executable files from QuickBASIC
and DOS (files created with this library do not
require BRUN40.EXE to run).
BQLB40.LIB The library of supporting routines that are used when
creating Quick libraries.
MOUSE.COM The Mouse driver for use with QuickBASIC programs
that call mouse functions.
QBHERC.COM The driver file for use with computers equipped with
a Hercules(R) Graphics Card, Graphics Card Plus,
Hercules InColor Card, or 100%-compatible clones of
these graphics cards. This file allows you to write
BASIC programs that use screen mode 3 for graphics
output. (See the README.DOC file for more information.)
FIXSHIFT.COM A terminate-and-stay-resident program that fixes a bug
in the ROM BIOS of some machines with keyboards that
have an extra set of DIRECTION (i.e. arrow) keys, in
addition to those on the numeric keypad. See README.DOC
for more information, if you have such a keyboard.
QB.LIB The stand-alone library containing support routines
for DOS system calls.
QB.QLB The Quick library containing support routines for
DOS system calls.
QB.BI An include file for use with BASIC programs that
call any of the following routines in the QB.QLB
Quick library or in the QB.LIB stand-alone library:
ABSOLUTE, INTERRUPT, INTERRUPTX, INT86OLD, or
INT86XOLD. The QB.BI file defines the types for
arguments passed to these routines and also gives
DECLARE statements for these routines.
QB.PIF A file that provides information to aid in running
QuickBASIC under Microsoft Windows.
ABSOLUTE.ASM The assembly-language source for the ABSOLUTE
routine in QB.QLB and QB.LIB. This routine
allows you to call a machine-language procedure
from a BASIC program. (BASIC's CALL statement
and the new DECLARE statement provide a simpler way
to call other-language procedures from BASIC.)
This source file is provided for reference only, and
is not required to use the ABSOLUTE routine.
INTRPT.ASM The assembly-language source for the INTERRUPT and
INTERRUPTX routines in the QB.QLB and QB.LIB
libraries. These routines allow you to perform
DOS system calls from a BASIC program. This source
file is provided for reference only, and is not
required to use the INTERRUPT or INTERRUPTX routines.
NOCOM.OBJ (NO COMmunication). An object file to link with BASIC
programs that do not require communications support.
Linking with NOCOM.OBJ reduces the size of executable
files that do not perform any communications activity.
NOEM.OBJ (NO EMulation). An object file to link with BASIC
programs that will always be run on machines with an
8087 or 80287 math coprocessor chip. Linking with
NOEM.OBJ turns off software emulation of the math
chip's function, and reduces the size of the
executable file.
DEMO1.BAS The BASICA version of the sound-effects demonstration
program referred to in Chapter 2 of "Learning and
Using Microsoft QuickBASIC."
DEMO2.BAS The QuickBASIC 2.0 version of the sound-effects
demonstration program referred to in Chapter 2 of
"Learning and Using Microsoft QuickBASIC."
DEMO3.BAS The QuickBASIC 4.0 version of the sound-effects
demonstration program referred to in Chapter 2 of
"Learning and Using Microsoft QuickBASIC."
REMLINE.BAS A utility program that converts BASICA programs
saved in ASCII format to QuickBASIC-style programs
by removing unreferenced line numbers.
SORTDEMO.BAS A program that uses multicolored bars and sound to
illustrate various sorting algorithms.
TORUS.BAS* A graphics demonstration program that draws a
multicolored doughnut-shaped figure on the screen,
then makes it appear to rotate by shifting colors
in the palette.
\SOURCE A directory containing BASIC programs printed in the
QuickBASIC manuals, as well as other demonstration
programs. See list of contents for this directory
below.
==< Contents of \SOURCE directory on DISK 2 >================================
BALLPSET.BAS* A program that bounces a ball off the bottom and
sides of the screen by using the PSET option with
the graphics PUT statement.
BALLXOR.BAS* A program that bounces a ball off the bottom and
sides of the screen by using the XOR option with
the graphics PUT statement.
BAR.BAS* A program that turns input data into a bar chart.
CAL.BAS A program that prints a calendar for any month in
any year from 1899 to 2099.
CHECK.BAS A checkbook-balancing program that sorts and prints a
list of any deposits and withdrawals input by the
user, then prints the final balance in the checking
account.
COLORS.BAS* A program showing all combinations of the 16 background
colors and 3 foreground colors (distinct from the
background) in the 2 color palettes available in screen
mode 1.
CRLF.BAS A program that opens an ASCII file, expands any lines
ending with just a carriage return or a line feed to
a carriage-return--line-feed combination, then writes
the adjusted lines to a new file.
CUBE.BAS* A program that illustrates simple animation of a
cube by using multiple screen pages in screen mode 7.
EDPAT.BAS* A program that allows you to edit a pattern tile
for use in a PAINT statement. With pattern tiles,
you can fill any enclosed graphics area on the screen
with a pattern.
ENTAB.BAS A program that compresses an ASCII file by replacing
runs of spaces with tab characters.
FILERR.BAS A program that searches for a string of characters in
an ASCII file. This program traps and handles common
file-access errors such as the user's entering an
invalid file name or leaving a drive door open.
FLPT.BAS A program that lets you examine the internal format
used by BASIC to store single-precision numbers.
HIDE.BAS A program that lets you hide or display a file, thus
controlling whether or not it appears when you use
the DIR command from DOS to list the contents of the
directory containing the file.
INDEX.BAS A file I/O program that builds and searches an index
of record numbers from a random-access data file.
MANDEL.BAS* A program that generates a fractal (a colorful graphic
representation of the properties of certain real
numbers) on the screen.
PALETTE.BAS* A program that demonstrates how to give the illusion
of movement by rotating the colors displayed by
the color attributes from 1 to 15.
PLOTTER.BAS* A simple line-sketching program that uses BASIC's
DRAW statement.
QLBDUMP.BAS A program that allows you to get a listing of the
PUBLIC code and data symbols in a QuickBASIC Quick
library.
SEARCH.BAS A program that searches any disk file for a pattern
and reports every byte position in the file where
the pattern begins.
SINEWAVE.BAS* A program that plots the graph of the sine-wave
function for angle values from 0 to PI (3.14159265)
radians.
STRTONUM.BAS A program that converts to a numeric value any number
input as a string, after first filtering invalid
numeric characters (such as commas) out of the
string.
TERMINAL.BAS A program that turns your computer into a "dumb"
terminal when used with a modem.
TOKEN.BAS A program that breaks an input string into a series
of tokens (a string of characters delimited by
blank spaces, tabs, or punctuation marks such as
commas or semicolons).
WHEREIS.BAS A program that recursively searches through all
directories on a disk for the file name input by the
user. When WHEREIS finds the file, it prints the
complete directory path to the file.

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'***
' QB.BI - Assembly Support Include File
'
' Copyright <C> 1987 Microsoft Corporation
'
' Purpose:
' This include file defines the types and gives the DECLARE
' statements for the assembly language routines ABSOLUTE,
' INTERRUPT, INTERRUPTX, INT86OLD, and INT86XOLD.
'
'***************************************************************************
'
' Define the type needed for INTERRUPT
'
TYPE RegType
ax AS INTEGER
bx AS INTEGER
cx AS INTEGER
dx AS INTEGER
bp AS INTEGER
si AS INTEGER
di AS INTEGER
flags AS INTEGER
END TYPE
'
' Define the type needed for INTERUPTX
'
TYPE RegTypeX
ax AS INTEGER
bx AS INTEGER
cx AS INTEGER
dx AS INTEGER
bp AS INTEGER
si AS INTEGER
di AS INTEGER
flags AS INTEGER
ds AS INTEGER
es AS INTEGER
END TYPE
'
' DECLARE statements for the 5 routines
' -------------------------------------
'
' Generate a software interrupt, loading all but the segment registers
'
DECLARE SUB INTERRUPT (intnum AS INTEGER,inreg AS RegType,outreg AS RegType)
'
' Generate a software interrupt, loading all registers
'
DECLARE SUB INTERRUPTX (intnum AS INTEGER,inreg AS RegTypeX, outreg AS RegTypeX)
'
' Call a routine at an absolute address.
' NOTE: If the routine called takes parameters, then they will have to
' be added to this declare statement before the parameter given.
'
DECLARE SUB ABSOLUTE (address AS INTEGER)
'
' Generate a software interrupt, loading all but the segment registers
' (old version)
'
DECLARE SUB INT86OLD (intnum AS INTEGER,_
inarray(1) AS INTEGER,_
outarray(1) AS INTEGER)
'
' Gemerate a software interrupt, loading all the registers
' (old version)
'
DECLARE SUB INT86XOLD (intnum AS INTEGER,_
inarray(1) AS INTEGER,_
outarray(1) AS INTEGER)
'

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"README.DOC" File
Release Notes for MICROSOFT(R) QuickBASIC
Version 4.0 for IBM(R) Personal Computers
and Compatibles
(C) Copyright Microsoft Corporation, 1987
THIS FILE CONTAINS IMPORTANT INFORMATION CONCERNING VERSION 4.0 OF
MICROSOFT(R) QuickBASIC. PLEASE READ THE ENTIRE FILE BEFORE USING
QuickBASIC.
This file has seven parts:
PART CONTENTS
1 Information about additions and changes to the
Learning and Using Microsoft QuickBASIC manual.
2 Information about additions and changes to the
BASIC Language Reference manual
3 Information about additions and changes to the
Programming in BASIC: Selected Topics manual
4 Using your Mouse with QuickBASIC
5 Using QuickBASIC with 3.5-inch floppy disks
6 Supplementary information on mixed-language programming
7 Using Btrieve with QuickBASIC
===< Part 1: Changes for Learning and Using Microsoft QuickBASIC >===========
Page Correction
---- ----------
--- Some keyboards have an extra set of DIRECTION (i.e. arrow) keys, in
addition to those on the numeric keypad. A bug in the ROM BIOS of
some machines with these keyboards can interfere with the QuickBASIC
editor. Disk 3 (disk 2, if you are using 3.5-inch disks) includes a
program, FIXSHIFT.COM, that fixes this bug. If you have such a
keyboard, run this program by typing FIXSHIFT. If your machine does
not have the bug, FIXSHIFT displays a message telling you so.
Otherwise FIXSHIFT prompts you for the appropriate actions. FIXSHIFT
takes about 450 bytes of memory. Except for the BIOS bug, it has no
effect on other programs you run.
--- QuickBASIC Version 4.0 supports Hercules (R) display adapters.
See the entry for the SCREEN statement in Part 2, below.
xxii If you install an IBM (R) Personal System/2 (TM) Video Graphics
Array display adapter (VGA) in a non-PS/2 machine, the VGA adapter
should be the only adapter in the system, and you should not use
mono modes (SCREEN 10) if you have a color monitor. Similarly, you
should not use color modes (SCREEN 1, 2, 7, 8, 9, 11, 12, 13) if you
have a monochrome monitor.
11 Suggestions for using QuickBASIC with a single-floppy system:
Disk 1
======
QB.EXE
Your program source file
(Optional: Operating system files)
(Optional: QB.QLB)
Disk 2
======
BC.EXE
LINK.EXE
LIB.EXE
BRUN40.EXE
BRUN40.LIB
Disk 3
======
BCOM40.EXE
When you make executable files and Quick libraries from within the
environment, you have to swap the disks in and out of your disk
drive to make the proper programs and libraries available. When
specific files cannot be found on the currently inserted disk,
you will see the prompt "Cannot find file <filename>." Before you
switch disks, type B: and press ENTER. (You can do this because,
even though you do not have a physical drive B, DOS recognizes a
logical drive B.) Insert the appropriate disk when prompted. Note
that when the linker prompts for a path, you must also include the
name of the file for which it is searching.
12 See Part 4 of this file for additional information on installing
and using your Mouse with QuickBASIC.
-- There is a new option to LINK.EXE
Option: /NOE[XTDICTIONARY]
If the linker suspects that a public symbol has been redefined, it
prompts you to link again with the /NOE option. When you do so, it
searches the individual object files, rather than "dictionaries" it
has created, to resolve conflicts. For example, when linking a
program with NOEM.OBJ or NOCOM.OBJ, you must use the /NOE option.
-- NOEM.OBJ is a supplied object file. It allows stand-alone executable
files compiled with the /O option to be substantially smaller when
run on machines equipped with a math coprocessor (8087 or 80287).
Note that programs linked with NOEM.OBJ do not run on machines that
do not have a math coprocessor. If all your stand-alone executable
files are always run on machines with coprocessors, you can use the
following method to change the library that contains floating-point
emulation routines (BCOM40.LIB) to produce smaller executable files:
LIB BCOM40.LIB -QB4EM.OBJ+NOEM.OBJ;
This command replaces the emulator math support in the stand-alone
run-time library with support specific to the coprocessor.
Alternatively, you can explicitly link NOEM.OBJ from the command
line on a case-by-case basis. For example, to create PROG.EXE
using NOEM.OBJ, compile PROG.BAS with the /O option (either from
within QuickBASIC or from the command line), then link as follows:
LINK PROG.OBJ+NOEM.OBJ/NOE;
245 PTR86 is no longer supported. Use VARSEG and VARPTR instead.
Also, when used with a communications device LOF now returns the
amount of space remaining (in bytes) in the output buffer. In
previous versions this was returned in the input buffer. Also, note
that a variable and SUB procedure could have the same name in previous
versions. In Version 4.0, this causes a "duplicate definition" error.
===< Part 2: Changes for BASIC Language Reference >==========================
Page Correction
---- ----------
18 The program FLPT.BAS, as printed in the manual, produces a run-time
error. The program has been corrected in the on-disk version.
See the \SOURCE directory on disk 3 (or disk 2 if you are using
3.5 inch disks).
84 The description of CALL ABSOLUTE says the file ABSOLUTE.OBJ must be
linked with the program. This file is no longer supplied. Link with
QB.LIB instead.
122 String concatenation is not permitted in a CONST statement.
373 The SCREEN statement now includes mode 3 for Hercules display
adapters. The following is a brief summary of screen mode 3.
See your Hercules documentation for details.
- QuickBASIC supports Hercules Graphics Card, Graphics
Card Plus, InColor Card, and 100% compatibles
- You must use a monochrome monitor
- Hercules text mode is SCREEN 0; Hercules Graphics mode
is SCREEN 3.
- You must load the Hercules driver (QBHERC.COM) before running
your program. If the driver is not loaded, SCREEN 3 statement
gives an "Illegal function call" error message. Type QBHERC
to load the driver.
- Text dimensions are 80x25 (9x14 character box); bottom
2 scan lines of 25th row are not visible.
- Resolution is 720x348 pixels, monochrome.
- Number of screen pages supported is 2.
- The PALETTE statement is not supported.
- In order to use the Mouse, you must follow special
instructions for Hercules cards in the Microsoft Mouse
Programmer's Reference Guide. (This must be ordered
separately; it is not supplied with either the QuickBASIC
or the Mouse package.)
477 - The "Advanced feature unavailable" error message may occur
if you are using DOS Version 2.1 when trying to use a fea-
ture supported only in later versions (i.e. file locking).
484 - The "Duplicate definition" error message also occurs if you
have a SUB or FUNCTION procedure with the same name as a
variable. In previous versions, this did not cause an error.
513 - Message 2024 ("Name : symbol multiply defined, use /NOE")
should be numbered 2044
--------< New or Revised Error Messages >--------------------------------
Error Number Explanation
------------ -----------
L1003 New message: "/QUICKLIB, /EXEPACK incompatible"
You specified both options, /QUICKLIB and /EXEPACK, but
these two options cannot be used together.
L2024 Message should read: "<name> : symbol already defined"
Explanation: The linker has found a public-symbol
redefinition. Remove extra definition(s).
L2043 Message should read: "Quick library support module missing"
You did not specify, or LINK could not find, the object
module or library required for creating a Quick library.
In the case of QuickBASIC, the library provided is BQLB40.LIB
L4003 This message should be deleted from documentation.
U4157 LIB warning message: "Insufficient memory, extended
dictionary not created."
U4158 LIB warning message: "Internal error, extended dictionary
not created."
Both of these LIB warnings just indicate that LIB was unable
to create the extended dictionary. The library is still
valid, but the linker cannot take advantage of extended
dictionaries to link faster.
===< Part 3: Changes for Programming in BASIC: Selected Topics >============
141 In the "Information Returned" column for the LOC function, the
description should read: "The amount of space remaining (in
bytes) in the output buffer". (Note that this is a change from
the behavior of LOF in previous versions of QuickBASIC).
===< Part 4: Using your Mouse with QuickBASIC >=============================
--------< New Mouse Driver for Use with QuickBASIC >------------------------
QuickBASIC Version 4.0 can be used with any mouse that is 100%
compatible with the Microsoft Mouse. However, you must use a
Microsoft Mouse driver Version 6.00 or later. Earlier versions may
cause unpredictable behavior when used with QuickBASIC. MOUSE.COM,
Version 6.11 is supplied with QuickBASIC Version 4.0.
Especially if you are writing programs that use the mouse, you
should use the supplied version of the mouse driver when working in
QuickBASIC. Previous versions have included MOUSE.SYS, which is
installed by including the line DEVICE=MOUSE.SYS in your CONFIG.SYS
file. This version of QuickBASIC includes MOUSE.COM, which is not
installed via CONFIG.SYS. To install MOUSE.COM, just type MOUSE at
the DOS prompt. To include MOUSE.COM automatically when your machine
boots, make sure MOUSE.COM is in your search path, then put the line
MOUSE
in your AUTOEXEC.BAT file. To free up memory, you can remove the
mouse driver at any time by typing MOUSE OFF at the DOS prompt.
This will restore between 9K and 10.5K of memory with Version 6.11.
--------< Using Mouse Function Calls from QuickBASIC Programs >------------
If you are programming for the Microsoft Mouse, you should obtain
the Microsoft Mouse Programmer's Reference Guide and the library
MOUSE.LIB that comes with it. (These are not included in QuickBASIC
or Mouse package and must be ordered separately). Most of the
information in the Mouse programmer's reference guide applies
directly to QuickBASIC Version 4. However, the following additional
restrictions must be observed:
Certain Mouse function calls (Functions 9 & 16) require you to set
up an integer array and pass the address of the array to the mouse
driver. For previous versions, the only restriction on this array
was that it had to be $STATIC (the default array type). In QuickBASIC
Version 4.0, however, the array also must be in a COMMON block if you
will be making the Mouse function call from within the QuickBASIC
environment. In addition, it is recommended that the support code
for the Mouse call be in a Quick library or linked into the
executable file when making Mouse function calls from QuickBASIC.
To produce a Quick library for using Mouse function calls from
within the QuickBASIC environment, use the following command line
(produces MOUSE.QLB):
LINK MOUSE.LIB/QU,MOUSE.QLB,,BQLB40.LIB/NOE;
An example from PIANO.BAS (included with the Microsoft Mouse
Programmer's Reference) for using Mouse function call 9:
DEFINT A-Z
DECLARE SUB MOUSE (M1, M2, M3, M4)
DIM Cursor(15, 1)
COMMON Cursor() ' ensures array data is in DGROUP
.
. (set up Cursor() for mouse cursor shape desired)
.
M1 = 9: M2 = 6: M3 = 0
CALL MOUSE(M1, M2, M3, VARPTR(Cursor(0, 0)))
In addition to the above, note that Mouse function calls 21-23
require dynamically allocated storage out of the home data segment.
The recommended way to do this is to allocate space in a dynamic
string variable based on the return value from function call 21,
using the STRING$ or SPACE$ function, and using VARPTR on this
string variable just prior to calling Mouse function call 22 or 23.
===< Part 5: Using QuickBASIC with 3.5-inch Floppy Disks >=============
If you have two 3.5-inch floppy-disk drives
Copy the files from the distribution disks to three other disks,
as follows:
Disk 1: All files from distribution disk 1, plus all BRUN40
and BQLB files appearing on distribution disk 2
Disk 2: BCOM40.LIB, BC.EXE, LINK.EXE, LIB.EXE
Disk 3: BASIC source files, Quick libraries, and QB.QLB
Most of the time you can just use disks 1 and 3, with disk 1 in
drive A and disk 3 in drive B. When you make a Quick library or
an executable file to run from DOS, you will see the prompt:
Cannot find file <filename>
Insert disk 2 in drive A and press ENTER. If the program requires
a Quick library, make sure both the Quick library and the corresond-
ing stand-alone (.LIB) library are on the disk in drive B.
If you have only a single 3.5-inch floppy disk drive
Prepare disks 1, 2, and 3 as with a 2-drive system. However, when
you see the prompt "Cannot find file <filename>", type B: and press
ENTER before inserting the proper disk. (You can do this because,
even though you do not have a physical drive B, DOS recognizes a
logical drive B.) Insert the appropriate disk when prompted. Note
that when the linker prompts for a path, you must also include the
name of the file for which it is searching.
===< Part 6: Supplementary Information on Mixed-Language Programming >======
--------< Linking from within QuickC or with QCL >--------------------------
Microsoft QuickC and the QCL command both set the /NOI linker
by default. Therefore, you should not link from within QuickC, or
with QCL, when your program contains modules written in a case-
insensitive language such as BASIC. Use LINK to link your program
from the command line.
--------< Pascal and Fortran Modules in QuickBASIC Programs >---------------
Modules compiled with Microsoft Pascal or Fortran can be linked with
BASIC programs, as described in the Microsoft Mixed-Language
Programming Guide. They can also be incorporated in Quick libraries.
However, QuickBASIC programs containing code compiled with Microsoft
Pascal must allocate at least 2K near-heap space for Pascal. This can
be done by using the DIM statement to allocate a static array of 2K or
greater in the NMALLOC named common block, for example, as follows:
DIM name%(2048)
COMMON SHARED /NMALLOC/ name%()
The Pascal runtime assumes it always has at least 2K of near-heap
space available. If the Pascal code cannot allocate the required
space, QuickBASIC may crash. This applies to Pascal code in Quick
libraries as well as Pascal code linked into executable files. The
situation is similar for Fortran I/O, which also requires near
buffer space, and which can be provided by the same means as the
Pascal near malloc space.
--------< STATIC Array Allocation >---------------------------------------
If you are writing assembly-language modules for use in QuickBASIC
programs, see Section 2.3.3, "Variable Storage Allocation," in the
BASIC Language Reference. Assembly-language code should not assume
data is in a particular segment. To avoid problems, pass data using
the SEG or CALLS keywords, or use FAR pointers. Alternatively, you
can declare all arrays dynamic (still using far pointers) since
dynamic arrays are handled identically by BC and within QuickBASIC.
--------< Quick Libraries with Leading Zeros in the First Code Segment >--
A Quick library containing leading zeros in the first CODE segment
is invalid, causing the message "Error in loading file <name> -
Invalid format" when you try to load it in QuickBASIC. For example,
this can occur if an assembly-language routine puts data that is
initialized to zero in the first CODE segment, and it is subsequently
listed first on the LINK command line when you make a Quick library.
If you have this problem, do either of the following:
(1) link with a BASIC module first on the LINK command line, or
(2) make sure that, in whatever module comes first on the LINK
command line, the first code segment starts with a non-zero byte.
===< Part 7: Using Btrieve with QuickBASIC >=========================
If you use Btrieve with QuickBASIC, you must make a small change to
your programs for QuickBASIC Version 4.0. Currently your programs
contain a statement that obtains the address of the field buffer for
an open file. For example:
OPEN "NUL" AS #1
FIELD #1, 20 AS CITY$, 10 AS STATE$
FCB.ADDR% = VARPTR(#1) 'This statement obtains
the address
In QuickBASIC Version 4.0, you should change the indicated statement
to return the address of the first variable in your field buffer
minus a constant, as follows:
OPEN "NUL" AS #1
FIELD #1, 20 AS CITY$, 10 AS STATE$
FCB.ADDR% = SADD(CITY$) - 188 'CITY$ is the first field
buffer variable
Your programs should function correctly with Btrieve with this change.

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ECHO OFF
IF "%1" == "" GOTO UsageExit
IF "%2" == "" GOTO UsageExit
%1
IF EXIST %2\*.* GOTO DoSetup
md %2
:DoSetup
cd %2
copy a:setup1.bat
setup1 %1 %2 %3 %4
:UsageExit
CLS
ECHO Usage: A:SETUP drive workDir [exeDir [libDir] ]
ECHO ÿ
ECHO Where
ECHO drive is the drive on which QuickBASIC is to be
ECHO installed (ex: C:)
ECHO workDir is the pathname to where you want your
ECHO QuickBASIC source programs to go (ex: \QB4)
ECHO exeDir is the pathname to where you want the
ECHO executeable files to go (ex: \BIN)
ECHO libDir is the pathname to where you want the
ECHO library files to go (ex: \LIB)
ECHO ÿ
ECHO Examples: a:setup c: \qb4 \bin \lib
ECHO a:setup c: \qb4 (copies ALL files to c:\qb4)
ECHO ÿ
ECHO Note: This setup batch file is intended only for assisting you
ECHO in installing QuickBASIC onto your hard disk. Its use is
ECHO optional; you can just copy all the files to the directory(s)
ECHO of your choice, if you wish. If you do not have a hard disk,
ECHO see the section entitled 'Installing QuickBASIC: Floppy-Disk
ECHO Setup' in the 'Learning and Using QuickBASIC' manual.

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ECHO OFF
CLS
ECHO ÿ
ECHO Note that you need almost 1 MegaByte free on your hard disk; if you have
ECHO less than a MegaByte, abort and copy just those files you really need.
ECHO ÿ
ECHO Type Ctrl-Break to abort if you don't have a hard disk or would rather
ECHO just do it yourself - - -
ECHO ÿ
PAUSE
IF "%3" == "" GOTO ExeNoDir
IF EXIST %3\*.* GOTO GotExeDir
md %3
:GotExeDir
ECHO Now copying BC.EXE, BRUN40.EXE, QB.EXE, LIB.EXE and LINK.EXE to %1%3
copy a:*.exe %3
GOTO CopyLib
:ExeNoDir
ECHO Now copying BC.EXE, BRUN40.EXE, QB.EXE, LIB.EXE and LINK.EXE to %1%2
copy a:*.exe %2
:CopyLib
ECHO Now copying QB.HLP to %1%2
copy a:qb.hlp %2
IF "%4" == "" GOTO LibNoDir
IF EXIST %4\*.* GOTO GotLibDir
md %4
:GotLibDir
ECHO Now copying BRUN40.LIB to %1%4
copy a:brun40.lib %4
GOTO CopyOther
:LibNoDir
ECHO Now copying BRUN40.LIB to %1%2
copy a:brun40.lib %2
:CopyOther
ECHO ÿ
ECHO Put Disk 2 in drive A:
PAUSE
ECHO ÿ
IF "%4" == "" GOTO Lib2NoDir
IF EXIST %4\*.* GOTO Got2LibDir
md %4
:Got2LibDir
ECHO Now copying BCOM40.LIB and BQLB40.LIB to %1%4
copy a:b*.lib %4
GOTO CopyRest
:Lib2NoDir
ECHO Now copying BCOM40.LIB and BQLB40.LIB to %1%2
copy a:b*.lib %2
:CopyRest
ECHO ÿ
IF "%3" == "" GOTO Exe2NoDir
ECHO Now copying MOUSE.COM to %1%3
copy a:mouse.com %3
GOTO FinishUp
:Exe2NoDir
ECHO Now copying MOUSE.COM to %1%2
copy a:mouse.com %2
:FinishUp
ECHO ÿ
ECHO Now copying BAS files to %1%2
copy a:*.bas %2
copy a:\source\*.* %2
ECHO ÿ
ECHO Now copying other supporting files to %1%2
copy a:qb.* %2
copy a:*.obj %2
ECHO ÿ
ECHO Installation complete.
ECHO ÿ
ECHO Installation does NOT include modifying DOS environment variables.
IF "%3" == "" GOTO Exe3NoDir
ECHO Since you specified %1%3 for EXE and COM files, you should ensure
ECHO you have an appropriate PATH= parameter in your autoexec.bat.
:Exe3NoDir
IF "%4" == "" GOTO Lib3NoDir
ECHO Since you specified %1%4 for LIB files, you should ensure you have an
ECHO appropriate LIB= parameter in your autoexec.bat.
:Lib3NoDir
ECHO For complete information on setting DOS environment variables for use
ECHO with QuickBASIC, see the section entitled 'Setting DOS Environment
ECHO Variables' in the 'Learning and Using QuickBASIC' manual.
ECHO ÿ
ECHO Note that installation does not copy README.DOC or PACKING.LST from disk 1
ECHO nor QBHERC.COM, FIXSHIFT.COM, ABSOLUTE.ASM or INTRPT.ASM from disk 2.

20
Microsoft QuickBASIC v4/SIEVE.BAS Normal file
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1 SIZE% = 8190
2 DIM FLAGS%(8191)
3 PRINT "10 iterations"
4 FOR X% = 1 TO 10
5 COUNT% = 0
6 FOR I% = 0 TO SIZE%
7 FLAGS%(I%) = 1
8 NEXT I%
9 FOR I% = 0 TO SIZE%
10 IF FLAGS%(I%) = 0 THEN 18
11 PRIME% = I% + I% + 3
12 K% = I% + PRIME%
13 IF K% > SIZE% THEN 17
14 FLAGS%(K%) = 0
15 K% = K% + PRIME%
16 GOTO 13
17 COUNT% = COUNT% + 1
18 NEXT I%
19 NEXT X%
20 PRINT COUNT%," PRIMES"

BIN
Microsoft QuickBASIC v4/SORTDEMO.BAS Normal file
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Microsoft QuickBASIC v4/TORUS.BAS Normal file
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121
Microsoft QuickBASIC v4/TTT.BAS Normal file
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1 REM Tic Tac Toe solving app that learns what WOPR learned: you can't win
2 REM Only three starting positions are examined. Others are just reflections of these
3 REM b% -- The board
4 REM al% -- Alpha, for pruning
5 REM be% -- Beta, for pruning
6 REM l% -- Top-level loop iteration
7 REM wi% -- The winning piece (0 none, 1 X, 2, O )
8 REM re% -- Resulting score of 4000/minmax board position. 5 draw, 6 X win, 4 Y win
9 REM sx% -- Stack array for "recursion" X can be P, V, A, or B for those variables.
10 REM v% -- Value of a board position
11 REM st% -- Stack Pointer. Even for alpha/beta pruning Minimize plys, Odd for Maximize
12 REM p% -- Current position where a new piece is played
14 REM rw% -- Row in the Winner function (2000)
15 REM cw% -- Column in the Winner function (2000)
18 REM mc% -- Move count total for debugging. Should be a multiple of 6493
19 REM Note: Can't use real recursion with GOSUB because stack is limited to roughly 5 deep
20 REM BASIC doesn't support goto/gosub using arrays for target line numbers
23 li% = val( command$ )
24 if 0 = li% then li% = 1
30 DIM b%(9)
32 DIM sp%(10)
34 DIM sv%(10)
36 DIM sa%(10)
37 DIM sb%(10)
38 mc% = 0
39 PRINT "start time: "; TIME$
40 FOR l% = 1 TO li%
41 mc% = 0
42 al% = 2
43 be% = 9
44 b%(0) = 1
45 GOSUB 4000
58 al% = 2
59 be% = 9
60 b%(0) = 0
61 b%(1) = 1
62 GOSUB 4000
68 al% = 2
69 be% = 9
70 b%(1) = 0
71 b%(4) = 1
72 GOSUB 4000
73 b%(4) = 0
74 REM print "mc: "; mc%; " l is "; l%
80 NEXT l%
82 REM print elap$
83 PRINT "end time: "; TIME$
84 print "iterations: "; li%
85 PRINT "final move count "; mc%
88 SYSTEM
100 END
2000 wi% = b%(0)
2010 IF 0 = wi% GOTO 2100
2020 IF wi% = b%(1) AND wi% = b%(2) THEN RETURN
2030 IF wi% = b%(3) AND wi% = b%(6) THEN RETURN
2100 wi% = b%(3)
2110 IF 0 = wi% GOTO 2200
2120 IF wi% = b%(4) AND wi% = b%(5) THEN RETURN
2200 wi% = b%(6)
2210 IF 0 = wi% GOTO 2300
2220 IF wi% = b%(7) AND wi% = b%(8) THEN RETURN
2300 wi% = b%(1)
2310 IF 0 = wi% GOTO 2400
2320 IF wi% = b%(4) AND wi% = b%(7) THEN RETURN
2400 wi% = b%(2)
2410 IF 0 = wi% GOTO 2500
2420 IF wi% = b%(5) AND wi% = b%(8) THEN RETURN
2500 wi% = b%(4)
2510 IF 0 = wi% THEN RETURN
2520 IF wi% = b%(0) AND wi% = b%(8) THEN RETURN
2530 IF wi% = b%(2) AND wi% = b%(6) THEN RETURN
2540 wi% = 0
2550 RETURN
4000 REM minmax function to find score of a board position
4010 REM recursion is simulated with gotos
4030 st% = 0
4040 v% = 0
4060 re% = 0
4100 mc% = mc% + 1
4102 REM gosub 3000
4104 IF st% < 4 THEN GOTO 4150
4105 GOSUB 2000
4106 IF 0 = wi% THEN GOTO 4140
4110 IF wi% = 1 THEN re% = 6: GOTO 4280
4115 re% = 4
4116 GOTO 4280
4140 IF st% = 8 THEN re% = 5: GOTO 4280
4150 IF st% AND 1 THEN v% = 2 ELSE v% = 9
4160 p% = 0
4180 IF 0 <> b%(p%) THEN GOTO 4500
4200 IF st% AND 1 THEN b%(p%) = 1 ELSE b%(p%) = 2
4210 sp%(st%) = p%
4230 sv%(st%) = v%
4245 sa%(st%) = al%
4246 sb%(st%) = be%
4260 st% = st% + 1
4270 GOTO 4100
4280 st% = st% - 1
4290 p% = sp%(st%)
4310 v% = sv%(st%)
4325 al% = sa%(st%)
4326 be% = sb%(st%)
4328 b%(p%) = 0
4330 IF st% AND 1 THEN GOTO 4340
4331 IF re% = 4 THEN GOTO 4530
4332 IF re% < v% THEN v% = re%
4334 IF v% < be% THEN be% = v%
4336 IF be% <= al% THEN GOTO 4520
4338 GOTO 4500
4340 IF re% = 6 THEN GOTO 4530
4341 IF re% > v% THEN v% = re%
4342 IF v% > al% THEN al% = v%
4344 IF al% >= be% THEN GOTO 4520
4500 p% = p% + 1
4505 IF p% < 9 THEN GOTO 4180
4520 re% = v%
4530 IF st% = 0 THEN RETURN
4540 GOTO 4280

3
Microsoft QuickBASIC v4/m.bat Normal file
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ntvdm -r:. -c bc %1.bas %1.obj %1.lst /O
ntvdm -r:. -c link %1,,%1,.\,nul.def